Justice Courts Sometimes referred to as a Town or Village Court, these are properly stated as Justice Court of the respective town or village. Schnelwar, J. The judgment dismissed the action. Abbreviations appellate history used in, Appendix 3 business firms, Appendix 1 case history, 2. Rules capitalization of, Include the court, omitting any information made redundant by the citation itself, pertinent jurisdictional information and year of decision for all full case references, including references to appellate history.
The term "citation in running text" indicates an authority referred to in the text of a sentence, as in the examples below:. The term "citation within parentheses" refers to any citation that appears entirely within parentheses. In a footnote containing text, citations in running text or within parentheses may be used. Some examples are:. In a footnote containing only a citation, use the parenthetical citation style, but omit the opening and closing parentheses and change the internal brackets to parentheses.
Place the case name in running text and the volume—report—page or other bibliographic information in the footnote and eliminate the parentheses enclosing the citation. The situation in Rogers v Rogers 1 mirrors the situation in this decision. Place the footnote number at the point where the parenthetical citation would appear if the parenthetical citation were placed in the body of the opinion. When using the citational footnote style, citations that appear within textual footnotes should not be placed within parentheses.
County Court denied defendant's motion; 16 the Appellate Division reversed, vacated the judgment, restored the indictment to the preplea stage and reinstated the prosecution's notice of intent to seek the death penalty.
To reference previously cited authority use a short-form reference or " id. Subsequent references to a case in running text or within parentheses may use a shortened case name.
Murphy , 6 NY3d 36 [Note: shortened case name with citation to initial page of decision]. Subsequent references to periodicals, treatises and similar works may be shortened by omitting the author's name or the title, in whole or in part, as follows:.
David H. When a subsequent reference is made to an immediately preceding authority, " id. Capitalize " Id. Where parallel citations are provided in the first reference, subsequent references that include a pinpoint page should supply the pinpoint page for each parallel citation. Citations may be introduced by signals that indicate the purpose for which the citations are made and their degree of support or contradiction concerning a proposition.
Cite an electronic source if it is the sole source of material referenced or if the print version is not readily available. Electronic services e. Internet material is cited as indicated in section 2. Slip opinions scheduled for publication in the print Official Reports are cited as indicated in section 2. Trial court and Appellate Term opinions published online only with or without abstracts published in the print Official Reports are cited as indicated in section 2.
Appellate motion decisions published online but not in the print Official Reports are cited as indicated in section 2. If a case has not been officially reported, formulate a case name using the citation naming conventions found in standard citation manuals and apply the abbreviations listed in Appendix 1.
For any other case, use the case name found in standard citation services or formulate a name by applying citation naming conventions found in standard citation manuals.
Where the pinpoint page is the same as the initial page or where the decision comprises one page, repeat the initial page for a pinpoint citation as follows:.
Citation to the sole footnote in a decision is designated by a lowercase "n" as follows:. Where a case contains more than one footnote, the citation should indicate the number of the footnote being cited as follows:. City of New York v Cont. In citing a single quotation that runs over two or more pages, give the pages at which it begins and ends, separated by a hyphen, rather than a comma:. Flores v Lower E. Garden Homes Woodlands Co. Although including the precise date of decision and judge is not required, that information may be supplied in brackets, following the citation.
Ponce v St. Opinions scheduled for publication in the Official Reports are cited as follows:. Franklin Corp. Parallel unofficial citations are not used for officially reported New York State cases. A number of opinions not selected for full publication in the Miscellaneous Reports are published in abstract form in the printed Miscellaneous 3d Reports and in full text in the Slip Opinion Service and online Official Reports. Unreported slip opinions not abstracted in the Miscellaneous Reports are cited as follows:.
Most Appellate Division and Appellate Term motion decisions are not published in print. They are cited as follows:. Cite unreported cases not published in the New York Slip Opinion Service in the following manner, including any information that would be useful in identifying the case:. Keenan v Dayton Beach Park No. Where a case is not officially reported or published as an unreported case in the New York Slip Opinion Service, but appears in the New York Law Journal, cite as follows:.
Where the choice lies between an unofficial report that is current and a discontinued unofficial report, the current report should be cited:. When the citation to the United States Reports is unavailable, supply a blank citation to the United States Reports with a parallel citation to an unofficial report as follows:. Out-of-state cases are cited to the state official reports where available, followed by the parallel National Reporter System citation:.
Where an out-of-state case is cited only to the National Reporter System because no official citation is available, the name of the jurisdiction should be added in abbreviated form in brackets:. When citing reports known by name of the reporter, except New York and English reports, the jurisdiction should be added in abbreviated form in brackets after the name of the reporter:. When a public domain citation is provided, supply a parallel citation to a published source:. Alberte v Anew Health Care Servs.
If the only source is a website, supply additional information using section 2. Citation to a case contained in an electronic service e. If the source is Westlaw or Lexis, and access to both is available, cite both services:.
Beasley v Hub City Texas, L. Fulton Bank, N. Citation for tabular cases where the full text is published only on Westlaw and Lexis:.
Regal v General Motors Corp. Citation to decisions posted on the Internet is permitted where the material is not readily available in print.
The name of the author may be added if desired:. Applications of a Child with a Disability [Board of Educ. Gilbow v Travis , Ark App [Apr.
Some suggested forms of commission and agency document citations in running text are as follows:. Matter of Freeport Union Free Sch. AmBase Corp. Employer: NYC Tr. Matter of Monroe County Civ. The statute name abbreviations listed in Appendix 4 should be used for statutory citations within parentheses.
Use the statute's terminology when specifying its divisions. A short-form reference may be used for subsequent citations to the same statute. Defendant moved pursuant to CPL References to parts, subdivisions, paragraphs, subparagraphs, clauses, etc. Some suggested forms of citation of parallel hierarchy in running text are as follows:.
References to divisions of sections of statutes cited in ascending hierarchy divisions followed by more inclusive divisions of the section should appear within parentheses as follows:. Some suggested forms of ascending hierarchy citations in running text are as follows:. In citations of multiple sections of a statute, place two section symbols before the first section cited.
The form is:. Where the form of statutory citation omits the section symbol e. When citations omitting the section symbol appear in running text, the form is:. Commercial statutory compilations often provide commentaries, statutory histories, reviser's notes, etc.
Richard A. William C. Brett S. Bruce A. Patrick M. New York session laws may be cited when referring to a statutory enactment not contained in the consolidated laws or to indicate the addition, amendment, renumbering or repeal of a consolidated law or division thereof. Laws of ch 21, as amended or chapter 21 of the Laws of as amended.
Cite the United States Code if therein. The general rules of parenthetical and running text citation should be observed when referring to out-of-state statutes. When cited in running text, interior brackets are changed to parentheses as follows:. To incorporate the name of a specific agency in the citation, see section 4.
Either abbreviations or the full names may be used in running text. Interior brackets are changed to parentheses as follows:. When cited within parentheses, both the name of the country or state and the word "Constitution" should be abbreviated, as in the following examples:. When constitutional citations appear in running text, either abbreviations or full names may be used.
Some suggested forms are as follows:. Madison, Federalist No. Treaties signed before are contained in and cited to the United States Statutes at Large.
Some electronic sources do not contain pagination; therefore, page references are not required when citing those sources.
Use of the full names of authors is preferred, except for certain treatises noted in section 7. Titles of legal periodicals, treatises and other works and documents are set in roman. A website itself or specific content on a website may be cited. If an Internet document or page is no longer available at the original URL, but has been preserved through caching, cite as follows:.
For citations to weblogs blogs , follow the general citation style above, including the author's name, the name of the weblog, the title of the article or entry, the URL and the date of the posting, as follows:. Trevor W. John C. Joseph T. Daniel J. Virginia R. Gail E. Brian L. Both "Note" or "Comment" and the author's name are used in a law review citation, as follows:. Charles T. Chadbourn rev ]. Alan D. Wendell ed ]. Where the title of a legal treatise begins with language such as "Law of," "Handbook on" or "A Treatise on," that prefatory material is omitted from the citation title.
Ann K. Marjorie A. An author's name should be used in the citation if provided. Otherwise, cite as follows:. National Arbitration Forum Code of Procedure rule 5. Michael D. Cite an e-book as in the example below. Typically, the parties in an action are referred to, at the trial level, as Plaintiff and Defendant in the event of impleader one might find Third-Party or Fourth-Party Plaintiffs and Defendants ; in a proceeding the parties are referred to as Petitioner and Respondent. On the appellate level, parties are referred to according to their status on appeal, e.
Generally, where there is more than one party sharing the same status i. If a party is sued or suing in a representative or official capacity, that capacity should be set forth in the title. Kathleen M. Use the firm or legal organization name and individual names of appearing attorneys, unless only the firm or legal organization name s or attorney s name s is available.
The following examples are illustrative:. Hong Jang Tsai , pro se, and Stanley H. Nancy Boochever , Yonkers, respondent pro se, and for Eugene A. John Gerdes , Troy, pro se, and Jose A. Thomas Harold Matters , White Plains, for respondents appearing specially. Use the name and title of the following officials with name of counsel but not counsel's title within parentheses :. Eric T. Barbara H. Full names of specific government bodies and officials are capitalized.
Short-form references also are capitalized:. General references to government bodies and officials should not be capitalized:. The full names of states and their political subdivisions should be capitalized:. The word "state" standing alone should be capitalized only when the word it modifies is capitalized, when referring to a state as a party or when referring to a state acting in its governmental capacity. For example:. Capitalize the following when part of a personal name or when used as a short-form reference to a specific individual:.
When multiple constitutional clauses are discussed, the word "Clauses" is capitalized: Takings and Due Process Clauses. Capitalize constitution when referring to the specific constitution of any nation or state, but lowercase it as a general term. Capitalize amendments to the constitution when referred to by number, such as the Fifteenth Amendment. Lowercase complaint, answer, bill of particulars, interrogatories, separation agreement, opinion, qualified domestic relations order, temporary restraining order, will, trust and similar terms.
Lowercase references to numbered items, such as indictments, interrogatories, apartments, indexes, etc. In general, numbers up to and including nine should be spelled out and numbers above nine should be denoted by figures. Fractions accompanied by whole numbers should appear in numerical form as follows:. Retain roman numerals that are used in articles of federal and state constitutions and statutes, proper names, names of events and otherwise in accordance with standard authorities.
For determinate term sentences, apply the rule in section Reference to specific types of firearms should appear in the form that follows:. Reference to sex offender risk levels, prison disciplinary hearings, attorney disciplinary charges and state retirement tiers should appear as follows:. When using numbers to identify items in a list that is interwoven in a sentence, place the numbers within parentheses.
Two principal issues were addressed: 1 whether section was inconsistent with state law; and 2 whether parts of the subject code were inconsistent. Three officers comprised the board: president vice-president secretary-treasurer. All the months of the year, with the exception of May, June and July, should be abbreviated when used in parentheses or in footnote citations: Sept.
The name of the judge in running text may, but need not, include the full name:. The decision of Mr. Chief Judge L ippman ; S tark , J. Use the style of personal names as given in the record or briefs. Unless it is the first word of a sentence, do not capitalize the word "the," even if it is part of the name of an entity:. Quotations should be verbatim as to word style, citation style and punctuation.
Commas and periods are placed within the ending quotation mark; colons and semicolons are placed outside. An ellipsis is three points, with spaces before each and after the third. Use an ellipsis followed by a period to indicate one or more words omitted at the end of a quoted sentence if the quoted portion that remains is an independent clause last quoted word.
Indicate an omission between quoted sentences as follows if retention of the period is desired:. If the end of the preceding sentence is omitted, insert an ellipsis followed by a period last quoted word of preceding sentence. Include other punctuation comma, semicolon, etc. Use brackets to indicate that language has been added or modified, including the omission or alteration of one or more characters of a word. When the quoted material contains mistakes that the author does not wish to correct by substituting bracketed language, the author may indicate that the mistake appeared in the original by inserting "[sic]" after the mistaken language.
Although some material in statutes and regulations is boldfaced, quotations of that material should be in normal type. Single-paragraph quotations have quotation marks at the beginning and the end of the quoted language. Multiple-paragraph quotations have quotation marks only at the beginning of each paragraph and at the end of the last paragraph. If the quotation contains language that is already quoted a quotation within a quotation , the previously quoted language may be enclosed within single quotation marks '.
To shorten a name, do not use quotation marks within parentheses, e. Use inclusive terms, rather than masculine or feminine forms. Use Avoid administrator administratrix a one-person operation a one-man operation artificial man-made Assembly Member; Member of the Assembly Assemblyman battered syndrome or battered person syndrome battered woman syndrome businessperson; executive businessman chair; chairperson chairman colleagues brethren diplomacy statesmanship drafter draftsman executor executrix firefighter fireman presiding juror; foreperson foreman supervisor [employment context] foreman high ranking officials men in high places homemaker housewife journalists gentlemen of the press Member of Congress; Representative Congressman members of the jury gentlemen of the jury nurse male nurse police officer policeman reasonable person reasonable man representative spokesman staff manpower worker workman.
Avoid using "he" or "she" as a generic pronoun. Instead you might:. Compound words may be open separate words, no hyphen , closed spelled as one word or hyphenated. Hyphenate an adjectival phrase formed of two or more words preceding the noun modified only where ambiguity might otherwise result.
The use of Latin and other foreign language words and phrases generally is discouraged where an English language equivalent is available. For example, consider these substitutes:. The use of Latin and other foreign words and phrases is appropriate where the word or phrase has become part of standard English or is a legal term of art.
Privacy interests of individuals should be protected by omitting irrelevant references to personal identifying information and redacting necessary references.
Other identifying detail, such as an exact street address, email address, home or work telephone number, name of a child's school or name of a person's employer, should be redacted in whole or in part where publication of that information would tend to identify a person whose identity requires protection under section Avoid language that implies that a person as a whole is disabled e.
If desired, supra and infra may be used to cross-reference text or a footnote in an earlier or later portion of an opinion. J ohn J. Capitalize the first letter of every word, do not use small capitals and underscore the heading. Create a data table in an opinion by using a word processor's table formatting features rather than manually inserting spaces or tabs.
The name of the judges at the opening of the opinion in the majority, dissent, etc. There is no space between adjacent single-letter abbreviations used in either case names or titles of actions and proceedings. T homas M oore , M. Spaces are inserted between the section number and each subsequent subdivision cited as follows:. The following model titles are merely illustrative. In the Matter of Tina Marie H. In the Matter of the Accounting of James W.
Anthony S. Angelo Chiarella et al. In the Matter of the Conservatorship of Susan E. In the Matter of the Dissolution of St. William J. In the Matter of Lawrence M. The People of the State of New York ex rel. In the Matter of Arnold O. In the Matter of Michael V. In the Matter of Stephen G.
Norman B. Lawrence R. Julie A. In the Matter of Scott H. Thomas Crimmins Contracting Co. In the Matter of Francis W. In the Matter of Cleve C.
In the Matter of Michael A. Ronald Rorie et al. In the Matter of Kristian CC. Connecticut Indemnity Co.
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Steven R. Schmid is an associate professor in the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Notre Dame, where he teaches and conducts research in the general areas of manufacturing, machine design, and tribology. He has received numerous awards, including the John T. We're sorry! We don't recognize your username or password. Please try again.
The work is protected by local and international copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. You have successfully signed out and will be required to sign back in should you need to download more resources. Description For courses in manufacturing processes at two- or four-year schools An up-to-date text that provides a solid background in manufacturing processes Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, 7e , presents a mostly qualitative description of the science, technology, and practice of manufacturing.
Engage Students: Examples and industrially relevant case studies demonstrate the importance of the subject, offer a real-world perspective, and keep students interested. Support Instructors and Students: A Companion Website includes step-by-step Video Solutions, the Pearson eText, and color versions of all figure and tables in the book.
Coverage of the latest technological advances, like rapid prototyping , the most dramatic change in manufacturing in recent years. Also includes coverage of nanofabrication, rapid tooling, and semisolid metalworking Chapter 20 making this one of the most up-to-date texts available. Lists and process comparisons give students a through look at manufacturing processes and operations.
Thechapters on specific groups of manufacturing processes and operations feature lists of typical parts produced by the processes described in the chapter, as well as a list of competing and alternative processes to produce the same types of parts. Four kinds of end-of-chapter problems help reinforce concepts in each chapter: Review Questions; Qualitative Problems; Quantitative Problems; and Synthesis, Design, and Projects.
Comprehensive bibliographies are far more complete than any other manufacturing textbooks. For example, see the case studies on the manufacture of golf clubs Chapter 24 , artificial hip stems Chapter 11 , and monosteel piston Chapter The two-color design adds impact, clarity, and functionality as students read the textbook.
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